How old should a kitten be when it
goes to a new home?
by Barbara C. French
http://www.breedlist.com
First printed in CATS Magazine, February 2000. Reprinted with
permission.
Dorie Wilkins* (*name changed to protect identity) had only been
breeding Ragdolls for almost two years, and had produced her second
litter. She was approached by a nice young couple who wanted a kitten,
but they objected to her policy of selling kittens at twelve weeks of
age. They were concerned the kitten would not bond with them. They
pointed to newspaper ads advertising kittens 'ready to go' at six or
eight weeks. "I let them talk me into it," sighs Wilkins. "I sold
kittens at twelve weeks because that's what everyone else seemed to be
doing. I didn't really know why." She relented and let one of the
kittens go to its new home at seven weeks of age.
The kitten was returned at ten weeks, weighing less than it had when it
had gone to its new home three weeks before. The owners complained that
the kitten had the sniffles and chronic diarrhea and wasn't using the
litterbox. It hadn't settled in with their resident cat, and the kitten
spent much of its time hiding under the couch. "They said they'd never
get a purebred cat again, because obviously they're not healthy,"
Wilkins relates. With veterinary care and a lot of TLC, the kitten was
back on its paws in a few weeks. Wilkins waited until this kitten was
almost six months old before placing it again.
The kitten's problems had nothing to do with its heritage.
"Kittens should leave their homes at a minimum age of twelve weeks,"
says Dr. Betsy Arnold, DVM, a veteran Siamese breeder and veterinarian
with an all-feline practice in Rochester, New York called Caring for
Cats. "In my practice I have seen kittens coming in at six and seven
weeks who weighed twelve, maybe fourteen ounces. These are infants.
They needed to stay with their mothers."
Twelve weeks may seem old to people accustomed to seeing newspaper ads
advertising kittens who are "ready to go" at six or eight weeks of age.
Most of us who have had cats have acquired kittens that young. They are
cute at that age, and most people enjoy having such young kittens to
watch them grow. However, we may permanently harm kittens by separating
them from their mothers so early. There are crucial mental, emotional,
and developmental milestones that a kitten experiences between six and
twelve weeks of age. Separating the kitten from mother, siblings, and
familiar surroundings at that age can cause undue anxiety and stress at
the least, and serious medical problems or even death in the very worst
cases.
ISSUES: Potential Problems of Early Separation
Problems with immunity and health
"One of my main concerns with early separation is that kittens' immune
systems are really developing between eight and twelve weeks of age,"
says Dr. Arnold. "The immunity from their mother is wearing off, and
the immunity from vaccination is just starting to take over. During
this time, they are more susceptible to illness, such as
upper-respiratory problems and diarrhea." Kittens generally receive
vaccinations against panleukopenia, rhinotracheitis, and calici viruses
(commonly called the "distemper combination" shot) at six, nine, and
twelve weeks of age. However, immunity from vaccination does not happen
immediately; shots can take up to ten days to be effective. Up until
this time, kittens receive some measure of immunity through antibodies
from their mother's milk, but this is also the age where they are
beginning to wean. Their immune system "kicks over" from immunity from
mother's milk to immunity from vaccination. During this time, their
immune system is busy with this task, leaving the kitten less able to
fight off other illnesses. "The stress of going to a new home and being
exposed to different germs can make the kitten more susceptible to
illness during this time," adds Dr. Arnold.
At six or seven weeks, a kitten has only received his or her first shot
series; the new owner must remember to give the second boosters.
Sometimes they forget, and this can have disastrous results. Himalayan
and Persian breeder Barbara Redalia of Tuleburg Cattery recalls, " Once
a pet purchaser bought a kitten from us, neglected to give it the
second vaccination, and when their son became allergic, returned the
cat to us. Unfortunately the cat had contracted rhinotracheitis at
their home and exposed a pregnant cat to this virus at our house. This
cat, whose own immunity to rhinotracheitis was apparently waning,
became extremely ill, miscarried her litter, and was eventually
euthanized."
"I have spoken to many new pet owners who have purchased their kittens
at eight weeks of age, which is the minimum legal age in Florida," says
Susan Geren, who breeds Persians and Himalayans under the cattery name
Pyewacket. "The overwhelming majority of them had health problems with
their new babies, probably caused by the stress of being separated from
their siblings and mother at such an early age. I have explained to
them my reasons for not placing my kittens early and suggested that in
the future they use this as a gauge to ascertain which breeders are
more interested in the income provided by kitten sales than they are in
placing healthy, well adjusted kittens. It is most definitely more
expensive to keep kittens until they are four to five months old."
Some studies have shown that vaccination at six weeks might be too
early. "I once lost a 10-month-old cat to panleukopenia (feline
distemper)," recounts Mary Tyson of Thaison Siamese. "After long
discussions between the vaccine manufacturer and my vet, Pittman
Moore's research head concluded that it was not a bad batch of vaccine.
Cornell [Feline Health Center], which had done the post mortem analysis
(and also analyzed blood samples taken while the cat was still alive),
concluded in conjunction with Pittman Moore that some cats do not
develop lasting immunity from vaccines administered earlier than 16
weeks of age, and this cat had had his last shots at 12 weeks.
Thereafter I maintained a policy of not letting kittens leave home
until they had had their shots at 16 weeks old." "The most important
reason I place kittens at 12 weeks of age (or older) is because kittens
can be extremely fragile, and putting them in a new home and
environment puts additional stress on them, upping the chances of
getting sick," says Burmese breeder Jaina Wendtland. "When this happens
the kitten buyer blames the seller, and rightly so in many cases."
When a kitten is ready to leave may also vary from cat to cat, or from
breed to breed. Some cats are simply not big enough to go on their own
until they are a bit older. Devon Rex breeder Carole Goodwin notes that
cats of her breed are small and need a full twelve weeks to mature and
socialize. Amanda Bright, who breeds Russian Blues under the cattery
names of Kyina and Talisker, notes that her breed tends to be slender
and she feels the cats need more body mass to handle vaccinations. She
feels it is wiser to vaccinate them a bit later so that the cats can
better handle problems if they occur.
From a health standpoint, it is best to allow the kitten to receive its
entire first shot series, including boosters, while at home in familiar
surroundings. First shots are not enough to confer immunity, and the
kitten needs time for its immune system to change over completely from
one system (mother's milk) to another (vaccination). They should also
be of a sufficient size and physical maturity before they are ready.
Problems with Eating and
Eliminating
"Weaning isn't an event; it's a process," says Dr. Arnold. "They don't
just start eating food one day. They eat a little food, nurse, eat a
little, nurse, and so on. Eventually they eat more than they nurse, and
then stop nursing altogether. This doesn't happen by six or eight weeks
of age."
Left to their own devices, mothers will eventually stop allowing
kittens to nurse. With most cats this occurs naturally anywhere from
eight to twelve weeks. However, this process is very important, as it
teaches the kitten to learn to deal positively with frustration and
denial. As the mother starts refusing to allow the kitten to nurse,
which the kitten very much wants to do, she teaches the kitten how to
cope with that frustration. Kittens who do not learn this lesson may
develop behavioral problems.
Weaning is not simply a matter of getting a kitten to eat solid food.
It's an important time when the kitten begins to assert its
independence from its mother. This needs to be a gradual process. "For
the most part, my babies still nurse at 9 and 10 weeks, and sometime
beyond," says Rosi Carroll of Bengals by RoJon. "I have never had a
customer call me up after picking up one of my kittens, complaining
about the kitten meowing for its mother. They settle right in to their
new environment."
It's also common for too-young kittens to eat poorly and have litterbox
problems. Many kittens at age six to eight weeks aren't consistently
using the litterbox. I have found that my own kittens can take up to
ten weeks to have litterbox habits down pat. And diarrhea can accompany
the changes in diet and stress that come with a new home. Diarrhea can
be life-threatening to a small kitten; severe dehydration and rapid
weight loss is a serious problem when one has so little body mass to
start.
Problems with Socialization and
Behavior
People often express a desire to have a younger kitten because they are
afraid the kitten will not bond with them once older. This is simply
not true. As Ann Segrest of Kiriki Korats says, "The older kittens bond
with their new humans just fine. Cats do not have, nor do they need to
establish their place in the "pack" like dogs must do. This is the myth
that must be dispelled so that kittens will have the opportunity to
learn from their mothers and be as healthy and stress-free as possible
when they go to their new homes."
It is true that kittens who are separated at a young age from their
mothers will often bond to a person as a surrogate mother. This may
seem cute, but it's unhealthy. Such kittens will often suck on
blankets, clothing, buttons, even earlobes or on themselves. They may
become dependent upon humans to the point that they become fearful or
neurotic when left alone. Many hide or run at the sight of unknown
people. Most commonly, however, cats who are deprived of proper
socialization don't learn how to be with other cats. This makes them
especially inappropriate as house pets in a multicat household.
The kitten socialization phase starts at about four weeks of age and
can continue until up to fourteen weeks old. Kittens learn to explore
their world through this period, under the comforting guidance of their
mother. Between nine and fourteen weeks old, they learn from their
mother and siblings how to interact with other cats. They learn how to
recognize and interpret cat body language. Quite literally, a cat who
misses out on this important social step may not learn how to "talk" to
other cats.
It's also during this time when the kitten needs to be exposed to
variety of people in a positive way so that it doesn't become afraid of
different types of people. Improper early socialization is why some
cats seem to be afraid of men, or of people with glasses, or other odd
quirks.
Manx breeder Marj Baker was faced with having to raise three kittens
whose mother had become unable to care for them when they were three
weeks old. "[These kittens] were biters - well, actually just nibblers;
they wanted to chew on my fingers -- and wanted my full attention all
the time. The also loved my hair to chew on and any item of clothing
that was mine got licked and chewed. They seemed very mouth oriented
and were very unhappy if left alone by themselves. Most Manx are happy
to entertain themselves most of the time but not these three. They also
were harder to [train to use a litterbox], finding the floor a
convenient place to squat. I guess I was not a very good mom cat."
Deborah Feldham of Glendoveer's Abyssinians had a similar story. "In
one instance I took in two orphaned kittens that I had to syringe feed
because they were so young," she says. "They were not easy kittens to
work with. They were jealous and insecure, often showing their
insecurities by going to the bathroom in inappropriate places and
scratching or hissing at strangers. I believe that if these kittens had
been born in a more secure environment and raised with their mother [to
an older age], they would have been better prepared, emotionally, to
fit into their new homes. Kittens learn from mothers, littermates and
their surroundings."
Kittens need the time with their mothers and siblings to learn
important life lessons - lessons that will make them happy, healthy,
confident kittens. "I have seen kittens taken from their mother too
young become cloth chewers and neurotic," says June Abbott Colwell of
Velpaws Siamese. "[Kittens] not only need to be with their mothers, but
also with their siblings. They learn proper acceptable play behavior
from both mother and siblings. Kittens taken away too young are not as
tolerant or as sure of themselves as older kittens."
The Kitten at Twelve Weeks
At twelve weeks of age, most kittens are weaned or nearly fully so,
have had adequate socialization with mother and siblings, have received
their full series of kitten shots, and have gotten through the critical
immune system "kick-over" period. Properly handled and socialized by
people, these kittens have learned to explore their world and will meet
it with a happy, outgoing confidence that will carry them throughout
their lifetime. This may vary from cat to cat, or breed to breed.
The important thing to remember is this: it should be the kitten's
current and future well-being that drives the decision of age to place,
not finances or a simple desire to have a younger kitten for whatever
reason. Kittenhood is a fleeting time. You will have a kitten only for
a short time, but the cat may be with you for many years to come. You
may find it personally disappointing to allow a kitten an extra month
or two with its mother when you had hoped to have it earlier, but it
will make a world of difference to the mental, emotional, and physical
health to the kitten throughout its entire life. If you are searching
for a pet through a shelter, you may not have an option. If you are
getting a kitten through an acquaintence or through a breeder, insist
on at least twelve weeks for the kitten's health. You will have a
healthier, happier, and better socialized feline friend because of it.
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